- 受体三阴性乳腺癌的研究进展
- 作者:施纯玫|发布时间:2013-06-21|浏览量:6793次
本文已发表在 临床肿瘤学杂志2009 3
蔡明泉 陈强 施纯玫(通讯作者)
摘要:目前根据免疫组化染色的特征,把er、pr、her2受体均阴性的乳腺癌,称之为受体三阴性乳腺癌,通过基因芯片技术对乳腺癌进行分型发现,受体三阴性乳腺癌与basal-like亚型乳腺癌具有较高的一致性,复发早、进展快、生存短,对于三阴乳腺癌的治疗,目前并没有推荐的治疗方案,而靶向治疗在三阴乳腺癌中的地位尚不明确,本文就近年来关于其分子生物学、临床特征及治疗研究作了综述。福建协和医院肿瘤内科施纯玫
概述:
乳腺癌是女性最常见的恶性肿瘤之一,每年全世界约有130万人被诊断为乳腺癌,而有约40万人死于该病,在我国乳腺癌的发病率呈逐年上升趋势,在京津沪等大城市,乳腺癌发病率已居女性恶性肿瘤之首 [1]。尽管对于乳腺癌的病因仍不清楚,但随着现代分子生物学技术的发展,对乳腺癌的生物学行为的认识在不断深入。乳腺癌是一种生物学特征高度异质性的恶性肿瘤,根据其组织学,免疫组化及分子生物学技术可分为不同的亚型。如:根据组织学分类:浸润性癌,早期浸润性癌,浸润性特殊型癌,浸润性非特殊型癌,其他罕见癌。根据免疫组
化特征进行分类:1.激素受体阳性的肿瘤;2.her-2受体阳性的肿瘤;3.er、pr、her-2受体均阴性的肿瘤。根据基因芯片技术,乳腺癌表达的基因谱进行分类:[2]1.lminal a型(乳腺导管腔上皮细胞);2. lminal b型;3. erbb2(her2)过表达型;4. normal-like型(正常乳腺基因表达);5.basal-like型(基底细胞样)。对于er、pr、her2均阴性乳腺,目前称为受体三阴性乳腺癌(triple negative breast cancer),其对内分泌治疗及抗her2的靶向治疗不敏感,化疗虽然有效,但因其复发早、进展快、生存期短而成为近年来关注的热点。本文就三阴乳腺癌的研究进展作一综述。
1、定义及分子生物学特征
三阴乳腺癌这个术语是临床上根据免疫组化染色检测er、pe、her2的结果而
作出的,basal-like乳腺癌是一种分子亚型,最早是通过基因芯片技术(cdna microarrays)而定义的[2.3],虽然三阴乳腺癌大多数属于basal-like乳腺癌亚型,但这二术语并非同义词。
1.1受体三阴乳腺癌与basal-like乳腺癌
受体三阴性乳腺癌与大多数basal-like乳腺癌一样均不表达er、pr及her2,但受体三阴性乳腺癌并不完全等同于basal-like乳腺癌,二者有高度重叠性,见表1。通过免疫组化染色检测受体情况与通过基因芯片技术检测结果不一致与免疫组化检测的假阴性有关,而基因芯片技术检测被认为是“金标准”,基因芯片技术复杂,费用高,无法在临床广泛开展,而目前临床上通常仅使用免疫组化方法检测er、pr、her2受体状况,因此在大多数文献中把受体三阴性乳腺癌与basal-like乳腺癌合在一起研究,在本文中我们主要通过分析basal-like乳腺癌来了解受体三阴性乳腺癌分子生物学特征。basal-like乳腺癌起源于乳腺导管上皮外层肌上皮细胞,持续表达存在于正常乳腺中的肌上皮细胞或是基底细胞基因[4.5.6.7] ,包括高分子量的basal肌上皮细胞角蛋白,ck5/6,ck14,ck17,波形蛋白,p-钙粘蛋白,,αβ晶体蛋白, fascin蛋白,caveolins 1和2, 通过免疫组化检测该亚型乳腺癌85%的病例要么p53阳性,要么tp53基因突变,并且显示极高水平的细胞增殖相关基因,超过60%病例表达egfr[8.9.10]。运用组织芯片研究也显示basal-like肿瘤egfr、c-kit高表达[8,11]。
表1:受体三阴性乳腺癌与basal-like乳腺癌
参考文献 作者 | triple negative basal |
| n non-basal basal n non-triple negative triple negative |
nielsen [8] bertucci [12] sasa [13] | 18 3 15(83.3%) 21 8 13(62%) 172 49 123 (71.5%) 160 37 123(76.9%) 66 26 40 (60.6%) |
1.2 basal-like乳腺癌与p53
basal-like乳腺癌通常显示高p53蛋白表达[11,14,15],伴随p53突变,有研究显示在luminal a型乳腺癌中只有13%肿瘤在基因翻译区域包含p53突变,而在basal-like肿瘤中则存在82%的突变率。p53蛋白的作用是抑制细胞增殖,是一种细胞周期调节蛋白,并可监视dna损伤和诱导细胞分化和凋亡,当p53突变后这些功能丧失[16]。与此相一致的是,basal-like乳腺癌基因畸变发生率较高的特征。在运用比较基因组杂交技术中, basal-like乳腺癌显示出基因烤贝数的异常。比起其他亚型乳腺癌, basal-like乳腺癌更加频繁发生dna复制数目的改变,这提示basal-like乳腺癌具有更高程度的基因不稳定性[11,17]。
1.3 basal-like乳腺癌与brca1突变
basal-like乳腺癌和brca1突变所致的乳腺癌有存在很多相同的表型及分子特征如:er阴性,高核分裂相,高ki-67染色、ck5/6、egfr表达[15,18]二组病人预后均较差[15,19]。brca1的主要作用是通过同源重组修复突变的双链dna,缺乏brca1将导致dna修复中容易发生错误,从而致基因的不稳定性, brca1基因突变与患乳腺癌风险增高有关,现已知brca1基因突变是早发性乳腺癌的易感基因,80%的遗传性乳腺癌家族中发现有该基因的突变[20] basal-like乳腺癌中发现同时较高比例的brca1基因突变[21],而在散发性乳腺癌中brca1基因突变罕见[20], 这提示basal-like乳腺癌与brca1突变所致乳腺癌有较高相关性,基因表达谱的研究也支持这种相关性[22],brca1突变相关的乳腺癌其基因表型往往位于basal-like亚群中,它们可能具有相同发病途径。
2、临床特征
受体三阴乳腺癌占所有乳腺癌的10%-17%[23-30],其发病年龄较非三阴乳腺癌小[24](53:57.7,p<0.0001),更多发生于以下妇女:初潮及足月怀孕年龄早、哺乳期短、高体重指数及腰臀比,特别是在绝经前病人中,此外还显示那些在哺乳期使用抑制泌乳的人群中有较高的basal-like乳腺癌发病风险[31]。三阴性乳腺癌大部分为乳腺导管癌[32],[24]与非三阴乳腺癌比组织学分级为iii级比例较高(66%:28%,p<0.0001),肿瘤原发灶的平均直径较大(3.0:2.1cm, p<0.0001),淋巴结的阳性率较非三阴乳腺癌略高(54.6%:45.6%,p=0.02),在非三阴乳腺癌组,淋巴结阳性率随着肿瘤直径增大而增加,而在三阴乳腺癌中,即使肿瘤直径很小,淋巴结转移发生率也较高,在肿瘤小于1cm的患者中淋巴结阳性率55%相比非三阴乳腺癌中仅19%;易出现局部复发和远处转移,术后1-3年是其复发高峰,同时其转移模式与非三阴乳腺癌不同, 三阴乳腺癌更常见内脏及软组织转移如脊髓,脑膜,脑,肝,肺转移[33],而较少出现骨转移[32,34],且其复发转移后生存期短。70%的三阴乳腺癌患者在确诊后5年内死亡,而非三阴乳腺癌为44%(p<0.0001)[24]。
3 受体三阴乳腺癌的治疗
受体三阴性乳腺癌组织学分级差,预后差,其内分泌治疗及针对her2的靶
向治疗均不适合于这一亚群,化疗是唯一的全身性治疗,目前的乳腺癌治疗指南并没有针对这一亚群推荐的治疗方案。
3.1 细胞毒药物的选择:
多数三阴乳腺癌患者存在brca1缺失或变异。野生型brca 1可诱导凋亡并抑制雌激素依赖型转录通路, 该通路与乳腺上皮细胞增生有关, 基因突变后抑制作用丧失而致癌[35]越来越多证据显示治疗brca1相关肿瘤的方法也适合用于治疗三阴乳腺癌,[36,37]体外试验显示brca1相关乳腺癌因brca1功能失活或缺失导致对能破坏dna结构的药物极其敏感,例如烷化剂,丝裂霉素c,铂类药物[38],以及足叶乙甙,博来霉素,然而对于作用于有丝分裂纺锤体细胞毒药物如紫杉类及长春碱类表现出耐药 [39]。 最近一项研究应用以多西紫杉醇为基础的治疗方案治疗的175例晚期乳腺癌,出现19例耐药,在这19例患者中brca1突变的5例(26.3%),三阴乳腺癌为7例,在这7例三阴乳腺癌患者中5例为brca1突变(71%),这表明紫杉类药物对brca1突变的乳腺癌患者可能疗效欠佳,因而三阴乳腺癌患者选用紫杉类药物可能疗效亦欠佳 [40]。但有一项报告14例经紫杉醇治疗后的转移性三阴乳腺癌,以紫杉醇联合卡铂方案治疗却取得较好的疗效,有57%达到pr,14.3%sd[41]。
3.2新辅助化疗:
临床研究显示受体三阴性乳腺癌对新辅助化疗敏感性高,在比较三阴乳腺癌与非三阴乳腺癌新辅助化疗疗效研究中显示:三阴乳腺癌的病理完全缓解率(pcr)明显高于非三阴乳腺癌,三阴乳腺有效率高达83%-86%,pcr17%-40%,[42,43,44],三阴乳腺癌3年的复发及死亡率较高,如果达到病理cr,无论是否为三阴乳腺癌其生存期均可获益且生存期相同(p=0.24),但如果未获得病理cr,三阴乳腺癌的总生存期低于非三阴乳腺癌(p<0.0001)[42]。其中以4周期epi、ddp及5-fu连续输注化疗后序贯3周期紫杉醇(每周一次)疗效最高,并具有较高病理完全缓解率[44]。
3.3转移性受体三阴性乳腺癌的化疗
2008年asco会议一篇报导, 回顾性分析了257例转移性乳腺癌,其中106例接受含铂类方案(三阴乳腺癌36例),三阴乳腺癌的rr率为38.8%,其中一例
达到cr,疾病控制率67.2%,结论显示:三阴乳腺癌接受含铂类方案治疗后的生存期较非三阴乳腺癌短(p=0.005),总生存期也较非三阴乳腺癌短(p=0.002)。其预后差是否因肿瘤耐药或是肿瘤迅速增长尚不确定,需要作进一步研究[45]。
3.3高剂量化疗
一项高剂量化疗的随机临床研究(wsg am01)[46]:高剂量组e90c600(双周)×2序贯2个疗程ctx3.0/m2,塞替派400mg/m2和epi90 mg/m2(3周),对照组ec×2序贯3个疗程cmf,结果显示大剂量化疗能提高高危乳腺癌患者的efs和os,特别是针对三阴乳腺癌和组织分级g3乳腺癌。 hannemann j[47]研究同样证实了相同的结果。鉴于以上研究,高剂量化疗可考虑用于受体三阴性乳腺癌的治疗,特别是针对于淋巴结转移数目9个以上的高危乳腺癌患者[48],以期提高其无复发生存及总生存率。
3.4靶向治疗
egfr抑制剂对未经选择的乳腺癌的治疗效果欠佳,但考虑到大部份的三阴
乳腺癌表达egfr、c-kit,都是膜酪氨酸激酶受体,分别介导mapk激酶和akt信号通路,因此如果以egfr抑制剂联合化疗治疗三阴乳腺癌可能可取得更好疗效,目前一些临床研究作了有益的探讨,西妥昔单抗是针对egfr的单克隆抗体,一项ii期临床试验[49]显示西妥昔单抗联合卡铂(auc=2,每周一次,连用3-4周)作为二线治疗102例晚期三阴乳腺癌,有效率18%,临床获益率27%,疾病进展时间2月,总生存期12月。另一个研究[50]是比较依立替康联合卡铂加或不加西妥昔单抗二线治疗72例晚期三阴乳腺癌有效率分别为48%:30%,以上均提示西妥昔单抗联合化疗有协同作用。thome[51]使用健择加特罗凯治疗转移性乳腺癌的ii期临床研究,共57例可评价病例,三阴乳腺癌为20例,pr达25%,而非三阴乳腺癌pr仅14%。目前国际上egfr的酪氨酸激酶抑制剂吉非替尼等在三阴乳腺癌治疗中的作用正在研究中。三阴乳腺癌中c-kit高表达,c-kit抑制剂也成为治疗三阴乳腺癌的另一选择,如dasatinib为src,bcl激酶和或c-kit抑制剂[52]正进行ii临床研(ca180-059,nct00371254)。
parp1在损伤修复与细胞凋亡中发挥着重要作用,使用parp1抑制剂能阻止brca1和brca2修复受损的双链dna,而导致细胞死亡或细胞调亡[53].。目前有若干个parp1抑制剂量如azd2281[54],bsi-201[55]正在进行临床研究。
抗血管生成抑制剂: avastin一种重组的人源化单克隆抗体,通过与vegf竞争性结合vegf受体,阻断vegf介导的生物活性,从而抑制内皮细胞的有丝分裂,减少肿瘤新生血管形成,达到抑制肿瘤生长的作用。e2100临床试验[56]显
示: avastin联合紫杉醇与单用紫杉醇一线治疗晚期乳腺癌,提高无进展生存期(11.8:5.9月,hr=0.60,p<0.01),亚组分析提示对受体三阴性乳腺癌同样有效。
总之三阴乳腺癌为乳腺癌的一亚型,具有独特的生物及临床特征,其发病风
险及复发模式与其他亚型乳腺癌不同,预后差并常伴brca1突变,目前没有针对性的治疗指南,靶向药物如抗egfr、vegf和parp抑制剂正进行临床研究,随着预防及治疗措施的发展,三阴乳腺癌有望取得更好的预后。
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