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- 陈振光主任医师
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医院:
中山大学附属第一医院
科室:
胸外科
- The main risk factors of esophageal squamous cell carcinoma
- 作者:陈振光|发布时间:2012-07-12|浏览量:479次
1. Tobacco use: Smoking as well as chewing tobacco increases the risk of squamous cell carcinoma. The risk increases as the person smokes for a longer period or smokes multiple cigarettes a day.
?br>2. Alcohol consumption: The probability of getting squamous cell carcinoma is associated with the amount of alcohol consumed. Combining drinking of alcohol and smoking increases the risk much more than each of these two factors separately.中山大学附属第一医院胸外科陈振光
?br>3. Low intake of fresh fruits and vegetables: A higher risk of squamous cell carcinoma has been observed in people consuming insufficient amount of fruits and vegetables.
?br>4. Drinking maté: Maté is an infusion of a herb called yerba mate which is commonly consumed in South America. Heavy drinking (1 liter or more per day) of maté increases the risk of developing squamous cell carcinoma.
?br>5. Betel quid chewing: Betel quid is a mixture of plants that is chewed in many cultures in Southeast Asia. The leaves of the betel plant have a slightly stimulant effect but also increase the risk of esophageal cancer.
?br>6. Certain medical conditions:
o Achalasia increases the risk of developing squamous cell carcinoma. Achalasia is a disease in which the muscle which closes the lower esophagus cannot relax properly. Because swallowed food and liquids tend to collect in the esophagus, the lowest part dilates.
o Other rare diseases such as tylosis* and Plummer?inson syndrome* also increase the risk of squamous cell carcinoma of the esophagus.
The main risk factors* of esophageal adenocarcinoma are Barrett’s esophagus:
A Barrett’s esophagus is the name of a situation where normal cells lining its inner part are replaced by cells resembling another type of cells normally found in the intestines. This change of one cell type that is normally found in a certain organ, into another cell type, is called metaplasia. This phenomenon is actually an adaptation of the lower esophagus to exposure to acid reflux* from the stomach after a long period of time (years). Metaplastic cells are more likely than normal cells to turn into dysplastic and eventually even into cancer cells. Dysplasia is the disordered organization of cells, a condition that can evolve to cancer.
Risk factors for a Barrett’s esophagus are:
o Gastroesophageal reflux?isease: sometimes called acid reflux disease, it is a condition in which gastric acid regularly flows back into the esophagus. The esophagus is damaged by this process. The most common symptom is heartburn. As a consequence, the inner lining can show metaplasia after a long time of acid reflux.
o Obesity increases the risk of Barrett’s esophagus and esophageal adenocarcinoma by diverse mechanisms. This is partially explained by the higher risk of gastroesophageal reflux disease, but there is also a direct causal link. Acid reflux is more frequent and more severe in obese people, especially when the fat accumulates preferentially into the abdomen rather than into the thighs and hips.